The 4-step formula
Step 1: List repetitive cognitive tasks per role and estimate hours/week honestly (not optimistically).
Step 2: Use fully-loaded hourly rate (salary ÷ 1,820 × 1.35).
Step 3: Apply a realistic automation rate of 60–75% (not the 95% vendors claim).
Step 4: Subtract year-1 build cost (£8k–£25k) and annual run cost (£6k–£15k).